Defining Personal Responsibility and Exploring My Own Responsibilities

What is personal responsibility? Some examples people would probably come up with would be these: working, chores, taking care of your family and some might even say going to school and getting a better education. The definition of personal responsibility is: the obligation to carry forward an assigned task to a successful conclusion. With responsibility goes authority to direct and take the necessary action to ensure success. ("DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms"). Personal responsibility to me is taking ownership of the things that will affect us in anyway, whether it is in the long run or short term. If we do not take ownership of the situations around us we will be consumed by duties and assignments which at that point become a task and no longer just a responsibility. College is a personal responsibility to us all. In order to take control of our lives and have the options we desire, college is the avenue most of us will have to take. Successfully completing our studies and obtaining the highest level of education possible will open the doors to providing for those we care most about in our lives. It will allow us to live our dreams by having options to choose from, which is why we worked so hard and decided to go to school. According to "10 Incredibly Successful People Who Went To Community College" (2012), â€Å"Nolan D. Archibald who is the CEO and Chairman of Board of the Black & Decker Corporation, was once one of the youngest CEO of a Fortune 500 Company and has been celebrated by the American Marketing Association, Business week and Fortune as one of the most successful and ‘most wanted’ business executives in the country†¦Archibald graduated from Dixie Junior College† (7). The point is, it doesn’t m... ...e to use in any given situation. Works Cited 10 incredibly successful people who went to community college. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.onlineuniversities.com/blog/2010/01/10-incredibly-successful-people-who-went-to-community-college/ DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated terms. (). Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/?zoom_query=responsibility&zoom_sort=0&zoom_per_page=10&zoom_and=1 Famous people & the schools they went to. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.collegecrunch.org/fun-stuff/famous-people-the-schools-they-went-to/ Julian, T., & Kominski, R. (2011, September). Education and Synthetic Work-Life Earnings Estimate. 2010 CENSUS, (), 2 Leading Thoughts. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.leadershipnow.com/responsibilityquotes.html Lincoln, A. (1862, December ). Message to Congress. Message to Congress, 10().

The Psychological Contract and Its Application

The Psychological Contract and its application The psychological contract and its application After the first descriptions and definitions of psychological contract 1960s, a great number of experts show their opinions on this topic and discuss with each other. The widely acknowledged definition of psychological contract may be in Michaei Armstrong’s book, the human resource management practice(10th Ed. 2006,cited in business ball):`†¦the employment relationship consist of a unique combination of beliefs held by an individual and his employer about what they expect of one another†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ In other words, it briefly means the relationship between employers and employees in terms of mutual expectations and beliefs. This essay aims to begin with giving different ideas on psychological contract from different dimensions, and then analyze the situation of such contract at present, at last, prospect the application of this contract in the 21st century.As a whole, there exp erts: Edgar Schein, DM Rousseau and KA Wade-Benzoni, PR Sparrow give their opinion respectively. As Schein (Schein, 1965, cited in business ball) states that the psychological contract is a relationship between all members in one organization by using an unwritten contract. This statement highlights the earlier ideas on the concept. Then, Rousseau&Wade-Benzoni got other different opinions in the relationship between employers and employees . e (Rousseau&Wade-Benzoni, 1994, cited in business ball) claims that psychological contracts means how different people in the same organization understand the promises and commitments. Later, Sparrow (PR Sparrow, 1999, cited in business ball) who notice the dynamic quality, social and emotional factors of the psychological contract notes that the psychological contract should be considered with social and emotional aspects of exchange.Although these three experts show different dimension of the psychological contract, they all suggest that first ly, psychological contract is a relationship between employers and employees. Secondly, beliefs, emotional factors or mutual obligations are included in such contract. Besides the importance of the definition of the psychological contract, in practice, it also shows its significance, especially in working conditions. Accords to David E. Guest (Guest DE, 1998:659), the psychological contract should be treated seriously due to its importance.To sum up, it may have three aspects of significance. Firstly, psychological contract can supply a potentially fruitful construct with which to make sense of and explore a new employment relationship and this new employment relationship means a more secure employment and the ubiquitous organizational career. At present, with the development of economic policy and permeated organization ideology , the employment relationship is received more attention than the industrial relationship which is common previously . herefore, the perfect psychological contract tend to build the relationship between employees and employers seems to help manager manage a company. Secondly, the psychological contract has ability to distribute the power. Specifically, inequity exist in employees and employers in term of power or wealth with the development of the economy a psychological may pay attention to the power inequalities in the new employment relationship. And under that situation, in seems difficult to renege the contract in one organization involved.Then at last, the gap of power or wealthy may be shrank Thirdly, with the psychological contract, employees and employers in a organization can understand each other easier because the contract is built by mutual, emotional factors and beliefs. In other words, the employees can know the employers’ requirements and try their best to satisfy them. Also the employers can give employees what they need (promotion, high wage, vacation etc). this can result in high efficient in the organization .However, even though numerous experts examine the psychological contract practically, and it really has several advantages in real word, with the change of the working relationship, the psychological contract in working condition is complicate. Problems should be considered either. As Niall Cullinane and Tony Dundon conclude in their paper: The psychological contract: A critical review (Niall Cullinane and Tony Dundon, 2006). There are three problems should be thought. The first one is that the contract currently is still be used mainly in theory but not in practice.Therefore, when employees and employers apply this contract to a real company, confusion may be emerge because the contract is too theoretical and is not appropriate fro usage in real word, especially the new changed world. The second one is that the goal of the psychological contract in terms of employees and employers cannot be always the same. In other words, mixed message and divergent expectations can emerge in suc h situation. Therefore it is difficult for employees and employers to make the same psychological contracts because they have different interest and purpose.Then lead to a failure in making suitable psychological contract. The third one is the violation of the psychological contract. Employees in one organization generally are in the subordinate position while the employers are in authority. Thus, the employers may easy to build and break the contract while the employees cannot. This, at last, can lead to trust crisis between the employers and employees. By concluding the importance and problems of the psychological contracts, it is still applicable in 21st century not only in theory but also in practice.In theory, maintain that the part of organizational behavior, diversity in opinions, and competing theories and models should be remained and use Rousseau and Tijoriwala's qualitative and quantitative methods to develop the evaluation of the psychological contract, use Porter et al. ‘s (1996) contribution to assess the added value of the concept and adjust the redundancy of basic concept, use some models exist to solve the dynamics and effects of change in psychological contracts in the future.In practice, because the working condition is changed, so the psychological contracts should be changed either. Like the table 1 (Hiltrop, J. M, 1995, cited in Neil Anderson and Rene Schalk, 1998:642) shows in the essay: the psychological contract in retrospect and prospect. The psychological should be changed in the aspects of focus, format, underlying basis, employees’ and employer’s responsibility, contractual relations, career management in order to meet needs of the employment relationship rather than industrial relationship.Then, this can be applied in 21st century. In conclusion, psychological contract is complex in terms of theory and reality. Therefore, experts still need to do more research on this contract and emphasize on the usage of this contract in a changed new environment, if the theory of psychological contract is perfect and can be revised properly in practice, then it can be useful in 21st century. Reference 1. Niall Cullinane and Tony Dundon (2006) The psychological contract: A critical review: International Journal of Management Reviews, doi: 10. 111/j. 1468-2370. 2006. 00123. x 2. David E. Guest (1998) Is the Psychological Contract Worth Taking Seriously? : Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 19, 649-664 3. Neil Anderson and Rene Schalk (1998) The Psychological Contract in Retrospect and Prospect: Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 19, 637-647 4. business ball. The psychological contract. www. businessballs. com/psychological-contracts-theory. htm

The sacrificial Egg Essays - 1042 Words

Chinua Achebe’s short story â€Å"The sacrificial Egg† illustrates the life of a young African native Julius Obi, and the arising conflicts between two cultures. This short story takes place in a very small village in Africa, called Umuru in the mid 1900’s. This young African Native, although no native of Umuru finds himself trapped between his own culture, beliefs and the westernized culture. Although Julius has embraced the western culture, after certain events he eventually finds himself coming back to his own beliefs. Achebe, uses these two very different cultures to demonstrate the clash it produces in this young men’s life and, how no matter how hard he has embraced the western culture he was always going to go back to his own beliefs.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"It was said that she appeared in the form of an old woman in the center of the market just before cock-crow and waved her magic fan in the four directions of the earth-in front of h er, behind her, to the right and to the left- to draw to market men and women from distant places.† This quote comes to show how these traditions and beliefs were once born in this village. It also shows that these traditions go far back to ancient myths. â€Å"The market, tough still called Nkwo, had long spilled over into Eke, Oye and Afo with the coming of civilization and the growth of the town into a big palm oil port.† This quote in particular shows that even if this market has being westernized, people who live there still believe in their traditions. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are two characters in particular who have both learned to accept westernization without putting their own beliefs aside. One of them is Ma, the mother of Julius’s bride to be. Although Ma has been westernized trough the conversion of religion she still holds respect for what happens in the village, like Kitikpa. â€Å"Such was the state of the town when Kitikpa came to see it and to demand the sacrifice the inhabitants owed the gods of the soil†. Kitikpa was an evil deity. â€Å"Ma explained to him very gently that he should no longer come to see them â€Å"until this thing is over, by the powerShow MoreRelatedThe Sacrificial Egg Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesChinua Achebes short story The sacrificial Egg illustrates the life of a young African native Julius Obi, and the arising conflicts between two cultures. This short story takes place in a very small village in Africa, called Umuru in the mid 1900s. This young African Native, altho ugh no native of Umuru finds himself trapped between his own culture, beliefs and the westernized culture. Although Julius has embraced the western culture, after certain events he eventually finds himself coming backRead More The dud Essay805 Words   |  4 Pages In â€Å"The Sacrificial Egg† Chinua Achebe presents the conflict between an African civilization called Igbo and Westernization, specifically Europeans. 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